There are two ways that governments can consider disadvantage in policy-making. The "integrated model" incorporates disadvantage as an inherent consideration in policy-making (e.g. all new policies made in the education department must consider implications for rural students). The "specialty model" involves having a distinct division that specifically engages with policy for disadvantaged groups (e.g. the education department has a division that directly and separately addresses helping rural areas).

Environmental managements systems (EMS) are the laws and regulations which govern land use, water use, and pollution. Proactive EMS enforcement requires people and companies to apply for permission before acting (ie, you need to apply for approval to build a house). Reactive EMS enforcement allows people or companies to act immediately, and then severely punishes those who breach the laws or regulations (ie, you incur a large fine if your house is too tall, or if it has not been checked by a certified engineer).

A Centrist Compact is an agreement between major political parties. The Centrist Compact applies where one of the major parties is able to form a government after an election with the support of a minor party. In such a case, the other major party will provide it the minimum number of votes necessary to govern without the support of the minor party. A Centrist Compact is not legally binding.

The Vietnam 5 City Model is a strategic urban development initiative focusing on the development of five key cities by 2035: Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Da Nang, Hai Phong, and Can Tho. Each city is developed based on its unique strengths: Hanoi for political and cultural significance, Ho Chi Minh City as the economic and industrial hub, Da Nang for tourism and services, Hai Phong for maritime trade, and Can Tho for agriculture.

"Leaning against the wind" is a policy employed by some central banks to explicitly target financial stability (e.g., avoiding asset price bubbles and credit booms) by setting higher interest rates during periods of economic growth. This is distinct from the philosophy of most Western central banks, which exclusively consider inflation and unemployment (e.g., by maintaining a target inflation rate).

Domestic agriculture in India is regulated by individual states, which establish local auction markets (mandis) within their borders. Farmers are required to sell their produce via auction only at the mandi in their locality, and purchasers (wholesalers, exporters, retail traders) must also be from that region. There are then steep tariffs for re-selling produce across states borders.

A Pact of Forgetting is a political agreement after the fall of a dictatorship. The pact is made between major political parties to avoid directly confronting the legacy of a dictatorship and the conflict which brought it to an end. It includes not prosecuting members of a former regime and agreeing to not commemorate any actions of that regime, and instead concentrating on the future. An example of this is the agreement in Spain between Franco-aligned right wing parties and new left wing parties after the end of Franco’s regime.

A vulture fund is fund that invests in sovereign debt that a government is refusing to pay back (distressed debt). It buys this debt from the original debt holder at a discount, and then aggressively pursues (often through litigation) the government to pay off the debt at a higher price than what the vulture fund purchased the debt for.

When dealing with religious extremism within the community, religious leaders can choose to focus on either community-based reasons (e.g. highlighting a lack of condemnation for extremism within the community, failure to address misinterpretations of religious texts, or inadequate efforts to promote tolerance and understanding among followers), or individual circumstances (e.g. highlighting factors like poverty, war-induced trauma, or mental health issues affecting the specific individuals involved in the attack).

Defensive measures against hostile take overs include poison pills, a staggered board, and scorched earth policies. Poison pills specify that if a single entity or person acquires a large enough stake, the company will issue shares. All other shareholders become eligible to acquire those shares for a large discount or for free. A staggered board is a board that consists of directors who serve terms of different lengths, making it difficult for an acquirer to replace the whole board quickly. Scorched earth policies damage the company if a hostile take over is imminent, for example by selling assets at a discount.